DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes.

A) average
B) large
C) small








Answer: C

How do mutations affect an organism?

How do mutations affect an organism?

A) they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele
B) they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele
C) they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect
D) all of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur?

Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur?

A) sources of energy, including ATP
B) tRNA
C) DNA template
D) ribosomes







Answer: C

An anticodon is _____.

An anticodon is _____.

A) a set of triplet bases that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA
B) the DNA sequence that is complementary to a triplet codon in a mRNA molecule, for example, CTC
C) the amino acid attachment site in a tRNA molecule
D) an enzyme that specifically binds one type of amino acid to its appropriate tRNA molecule

Answer: A

______ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop.

______ marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop.

A) Methionine
B) A terminator
C) RNA polymerase
D) RNA ligase







Answer: B

In transcription, _____.

In transcription, _____.

A) both DNA strands are used as the templates
B) the promoter region acts as an initial binding site for mRNA
C) RNA polymerase links nucleotides to form mRNA.
D) a polypeptide is formed

Answer: C

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of ________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule.

The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of ________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule.

A) 4
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5




Answer: C

Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are

Experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are

A) two-nucleotide sequences.
B) nucleotide sequences of various lengths.
C) single nucleotides.
D) three-nucleotide sequences.






Answer: D

The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that

The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that

A) the function of each polypeptide is to regulate the synthesis of each corresponding gene.
B) the synthesis of each gene is catalyzed by one specific enzyme.
C) the synthesis of each enzyme is catalyzed by one specific gene.
D) the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide.

Answer: D

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called

The transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called

A) translation.
B) initiation.
C) elongation.
D) transcription.






Answer: D

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?

A) RNA ? DNA ? RNA ? protein
B) DNA ? tRNA ? mRNA ? protein
C) protein ? RNA ? DNA
D) DNA ? RNA ? protein

Answer: D

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?

A) helicase
B) DNA polymerase
C) ligase
D) single-stranded binding protein

Answer: B

During replication, the original "parent" DNA _____.

During replication, the original "parent" DNA _____.

A) is converted to RNA
B) is incorporated into the new DNA strand
C) is broken down as a new DNA strand forms
D) serves as the template for the creation of two complete sets of DNA

Answer: D

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand of the strand shown? A C T G T

What nucleotide sequence would be found on the partner DNA strand of the strand shown?
A
C
T
G
T

A) TGACA
B) TGUGU
C) UGAGA
D) ACTGT






Answer: A

Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?

Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?

A) RNA uses the sugar dextrose.
B) RNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
C) RNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.
D) One RNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure.

Answer: A

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?

A)One DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure.
B)DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone.
C)DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose.
D)DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil.






Answer: D

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

A) nucleotides.
B) nucleic acids.
C) monosaccharides.
D) fatty acids.




Answer: A

Which of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years?

Which of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years?

A) ethylene glycol
B) carbon dioxide
C) chemiosmosis
D) chlorofluorocarbons





Answer: D

Ozone

Ozone

A) formation is promoted by CFCs.
B) protects Earth from UV radiation.
C) is broken down by carbon dioxide.
D) is a source of oxygen for cellular respiration.

Answer: B

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true?

A) The greenhouse effect will decrease the average temperature of the planet.
B) The greenhouse effect is reduced by deforestation.
C) The greenhouse effect has no direct relationship with the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s.
D) The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels.

Answer: D

Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may be

Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may be

A) made worse by photosynthesis, which adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
B) moderated by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
C) of little concern, since it is part of the normal cycle for the planet.
D) reduced by the burning of fossil fuels, which removes oxygen from the atmosphere.

Answer: B

Plant cells

Plant cells

A) lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.
B) have mitochondria and chloroplasts.
C) have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts.
D) lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts.

Answer: B

Plants use sugars as

Plants use sugars as

A) a fuel for photosynthesis.
B) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules.
C) a source of electrons for chemiosmosis.
D) a starting material for the Calvin cycle.

Answer: B

The ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is

The ultimate source of all the food we eat and the oxygen we breathe is

A) glycolysis.
B) anaerobic metabolism.
C) photosynthesis.
D) cellular respiration.

Answer: C

The process of photosynthesis arose roughly two billion years ago. Its origin had a huge impact on existing organisms and on the physical characteristics of the biosphere. Which major physical change could be attributed to photosynthesis?

The process of photosynthesis arose roughly two billion years ago. Its origin had a huge impact on existing organisms and on the physical characteristics of the biosphere. Which major physical change could be attributed to photosynthesis?

A) Photosynthesis allowed much higher levels of ultraviolet light to reach Earth's surface.
B) Photosynthesis drastically raised Earth's surface temperature.
C) Photosynthesis drastically increased the oxygen content of the atmosphere.
D) Photosynthesis drastically increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere.

Answer: C

ATP and NADPH

ATP and NADPH

A) power sugar synthesis during the Calvin cycle.
B) are used in the electron transport chain to pump H+ into the thylakoid space.
C) provide energy to Photosystem I and Photosystem II.
D) are products of the Calvin cycle.

Answer: A

Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from

Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from

A) carbon dioxide.
B) hydrocarbons.
C) carbon monoxide.
D) methane.






Answer: A

Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP.

Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the chemical energy of ATP.

A) food . . . light . . . chemical
B) light . . . food . . . kinetic
C) chemical . . . food . . . light
D) food . . . light . . . nuclear

Answer: C

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor for cellular respiration. What is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor for cellular respiration. What is the final electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

A) NADP+
B) ATP
C) water
D) light

Answer: A

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from

The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from

A) ATP.
B) CO2.
C) photosystem I.
D) H2O.

Answer: D

The primary function of light absorption by photosystems I and II is to produce _____.

The primary function of light absorption by photosystems I and II is to produce _____.

A) oxygen
B) fluorescence
C) heat
D) a free, energized electron






Answer: D

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of reactive oxidative molecules by

Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of reactive oxidative molecules by

A) chlorophyll.
B) ATP.
C) mitochondria.
D) carotenoids.







Answer: D

Why are most plants green?

Why are most plants green?

A) Green helps plants blend into their environment as a sort of camouflage.
B) Chlorophyll a reflects green light.
C) Chlorophyll b primarily uses green light as the source of energy for photosynthesis.
D) Chlorophyll a absorbs green light.

Answer: B

The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the ________ spectrum.

The full range of electromagnetic energy is called the ________ spectrum.

A) ultraviolet
B) visible
C) energy
D) electromagnetic






Answer: D

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false?

Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false?

A) Photosynthesis produces O2; respiration produces CO2.
B) Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel molecules.
C) Photosynthesis consumes CO2; respiration consumes O2.
D) ATP is not produced during photosynthesis, but only during cellular respiration.

Answer: D

The light reactions of photosynthesis include _____.

The light reactions of photosynthesis include _____.

A) the Calvin cycle
B) reduction of NADP+
C) reduction of CO2
D) NADPH recycling
E) the stoma

Answer: B

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

A) ATP
B) light
C) cellular respiration
D) electromagnetism






Answer: B

Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true?

A) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide.
B) Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves only reductions.
C) Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations.
D) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxide.

Answer: A

A redox reaction involves the transfer of

A redox reaction involves the transfer of

A) oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) water.
D) an electron.







Answer: D

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from

A) water.
B) chlorophyll.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) glucose.







Answer: A

Hydrogen is a leading candidate in the search for a petroleum replacement. However, the hydrogen-generating reaction requires more energy than it produces. Why are plants considered to be one step ahead in the utilization of hydrogen as an alternative fuel source?

Hydrogen is a leading candidate in the search for a petroleum replacement. However, the hydrogen-generating reaction requires more energy than it produces. Why are plants considered to be one step ahead in the utilization of hydrogen as an alternative fuel source?

A) Plant cells break down carbohydrates to generate hydrogen.
B) Plant cells possess water-splitting enzymes.
C) Plant cells convert carbon to combustible hydrogen.
D) Plant cells harness the ATP produced during photosynthesis to split water.

Answer: B

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via

A) stomata.
B) grana.
C) thylakoids.
D) stroma.







Answer: A

In most green plants, chloroplasts are

In most green plants, chloroplasts are

A) evenly distributed throughout the entire plant.
B) concentrated in a portion of the leaf called the stroma.
C) evenly distributed throughout the leaf tissue.
D) concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll.

Answer: D

Chlorophyll is found in the _____ of chloroplasts.

Chlorophyll is found in the _____ of chloroplasts.

A) thylakoid membranes
B) stroma
C) outer membrane
D) thylakoid space

Answer: A

What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?

What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?

A) eukaryotes that engulfed photosynthetic fungi
B) prokaryotes with photosynthetic mitochondria
C) mitochondria that had a mutation for photosynthesis
D) photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells

Answer: D

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?

What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?

A) chemotrophs
B) autotrophs
C) synthesizers
D) heterotrophs







Answer: B

Which of the following are photoautotrophs?

Which of the following are photoautotrophs?

A) bacteria found in the human digestive tract
B) corn stalks just before harvest
C) deep-sea vent organisms that make organic molecules using hydrogen sulfide as an energy source
D) filamentous molds growing on bread

Answer: B

Firms that pursue and international strategy typically centralize manufacturing and marketing functions at home

Firms that pursue and international strategy typically centralize manufacturing and marketing functions at home

Answer: False

Firms that pursue a transnational strategy are trying to simultaneously achieve low costs though location economies, economies of scale, and learning effects.

Firms that pursue a transnational strategy are trying to simultaneously achieve low costs though location economies, economies of scale, and learning effects.

Answer: True

In competitive global markets, pressures for cost reduction can be particularly intense in industries that produce service-type products

In competitive global markets, pressures for cost reduction can be particularly intense in industries that produce service-type products

Answer: False